Effects and Manifestations of fluid deficit

The effect depends on severity:
Usually, the first sign is thirst, dry skin,
- Decreased blood pressure
- Oliguria
- Retention of wasts 􀀅 acidosis
- Increased haemoglobin and hematocrit
- Loss of strength and a pathy
- Disturbance in cellular function in the brain
> Coma > death

Excess Fluid
Causes of excess fluid in the body
1. Increased venous pressure = increased hydrostatic pressure at venous end
2. Obstruction of lymphatic drainage
3. Deficiency of blood protein
4. Increased capillary permeability
5. Renal insufficiency – increased in take and decreased output
6. Excessive hormone e.g Mineral corticoid hormone

ACID BASE BALANCE
Acids are substances, which contain hydrogen ions that can be freed or donated by the chemical reaction to the other substances. Conversely, bases are chemical substances that combine with hydroxyl ions in a chemical reaction. The acidity or alkalinity of a solution depends upon the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. A compound that completely dissociates its hydrogen ions is referred as strong acid. E.g. H2504, HCl, H2P04

A compound that particularly freezes its hydrogen ions partially is referred as weak acid. E.g. H2Co3, citric acid, acetic acid.