Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
A hormone that is responsible for maintaining the normal volume and concentration of our urine. Also called arginine vasopressin (AVP).
Arginine vasopressin (AVP):
A hormone that is responsible for maintaining the normal volume and concentration of our urine. Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Asymptomatic:
Having no complaints or symptoms.
Autoantibody:
An antibody that an organism produces against any of its own tissues or cells.
Autoimmunity:
A predisposition to produce autoantibodies.
Bariatric surgery:
Weight loss surgery.
Basal insulin:
The insulin required to control your blood sugar in the absence of food intake.
Beta cells:
The insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.
Body mass index (BMI):
A clinical means of relating weight to height by a formula. To calculate your own BMI, divide your weight in pounds by the square of your height in inches (i.e., your height multiplied by itself) and then multiply the answer by 703.
Bolus insulin:
The insulin required to remove the energy derived from a meal from the bloodstream and into the tissues to replenish energy stores. Bolus insulin can also be given when the blood sugar is too high.
Borderline diabetes:
A condition in which plasma glucose falls in-between normal and standard accepted definitions for diabetes. “Prediabetes” is another term commonly used for the same condition.
Calorie:
A unit used to express heat or energy value of food.
Carbohydrates:
Substances composed of long chains of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon molecules. Carbohydrates in food (for example, sugar and starch) provide energy for the body and, if present in excess, are stored as fat.
Cataracts:
Opacity of the lens of the eye.
Cholesterol:
A fatty substance normally present in blood. Counterregulatory hormones: Naturally occurring hormones that prepare the body to combat stress.
Decompensation:
A serious deterioration in a medical condition.
Deficiency:
A lack or shortage, especially of something essential to health.
Diabetes insipidus:
Increased urine production caused by inadequate secretion of vasopressin by the pituitary gland or by resistance of the kidney to its actions.
Diabetes mellitus:
A condition characterized by inadequate production of insulin or resistance of the body’s tissues to its actions, which results in excessive levels of glucose in the blood.
Dyslipidemia:
Cholesterol and other blood fat abnormalities.
Fasting:
Abstaining from eating food, usually for nine hours or more.
Fiber:
The structural part of plants and plant products that consists of carbohydrates that are wholly or partially indigestible.
Fructose:
A simple sugar found in honey, many fruits, and some vegetables. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): Diabetes detected in pregnancy.
Glaucoma:
Increased pressure inside the eye.
Glucose:
A basic sugar used to fuel body cells.
Glycogen:
Starch, which comprises sugars linked together in a storage pattern.
HDL:
High-density lipoprotein; “good cholesterol.”
Hemodialysis:
Blood filtering and removal of wastes through a machine.
Hyperglycemia:
An abnormally high level of glucose in the blood; secondary symptoms include frequent urination and thirst.
Hypertension:
High blood pressure.
Hypoglycemia:
An abnormally low level of glucose in the blood; symptoms include shakiness, sweatiness, hunger, abdominal discomfort, palpitations, and confusion.
Immune system:
The body’s system that protects it from foreign substances, cells, and tissues. The immune system includes the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, B-cells and T-cells, and antibodies.
Immunization:
The process of inducing immunity, usually through inoculation or vaccination.
Inflammation:
Swelling, pain, tenderness, and disturbed function in an area of the body, usually as a result of injury.
Insulin:
A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, which facilitates the entry of glucose and other substances into cells and which has several other functions.
Intravenously:
Through a vein.
Islet tissue:
Groups of cells found within the pancreas that produce and release insulin, glucagons, and other substances.
Isometric exercise:
Tensing or rigidity of the muscle against forceful resistance, such as in weight-lifting.
Isotonic exercise:
Repeated movement against minimal resistance, such as jogging, swimming, or dancing.
Libido:
Sexual interest.
Lipohypertrophy:
A painless, but potentially disfiguring, fatty mound.
Nephropathy:
Kidney damage.
Neuropathy:
Nerve damage.
Osteomyelitis:
Infection in the bone.
Pancreas:
A gland deep in the abdomen, behind the stomach, that produces hormones (insulin, glucagon) and digestive enzymes.
Peripheral nerve:
A nerve cell not contained in the brain or spinal column.
Peripheral vascular disease:
Diseases of the vessels in the limbs.
Peritoneal dialysis:
A process whereby wastes are exchanged into fluids introduced into the abdominal cavity.
Prediabetes:
A condition in which abnormalities in plasma glucose levels lie in-between normal and standard accepted definitions of diabetes. “Borderline diabetes,” “impaired fasting glucose,” and “impaired glucose tolerance” are other terms used to describe types of this condition.
Protective sensation:
The perception of potential injury, such as awareness of sharp, rough, excessively hot or cold objects, or friction.
Remission:
A temporary or permanent decrease of manifestations of a disease.
Retina:
The inner lining of the eye.
Retinopathy:
Eye damage.
Septicemia:
Blood poisoning, due to infection, which is usually bacterial in origin.
Type 1 diabetes:
Characterized by an almost complete deficiency of insulin due to the immune system erroneously attacking and destroying the insulinproducing cells in the pancreas.
Type 2 diabetes:
Caused by a combination of body tissues becoming resistant to the action of insulin and the inability of the pancreas to make enough extra insulin to overcome it.
Vasopressin:
Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) hormone. A hormone that is responsible for maintaining the normal volume and concentration of our urine.
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