Assessment of Cardiovascular System
■ Inspect: Overall condition and appearance. Inspect skin, nail beds, and extremities for flushing, pallor, cyanosis, bruising, and edema. Observe chest for scars, symmetry, movement, and deformity. Inspect neck for JVD and inspect PMI for any remarkable pulsations. Analyze ECG recording if available.
■ Palpate: Skin temperature and moisture. Palpate PMI for any lifts, heaves, thrills, or vibrations. Palpate and grade radial, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses; note rate and rhythm. Palpate and grade edema if present.
■ Percuss: Starting at the midaxillary line, percuss toward the left cardiac border along the fifth ICS. Sound should change from resonance to dullness at midclavicular line.
■ Auscultate: Using stethoscope, auscultate apical pulse and compare it with radial pulse. Auscultate heart valves for normal S1 (lub) and S2 (dub) heart sounds. Abnormal sounds include extra beats (S3 and S4), bruits, valvular murmurs, pericarditic rubs, and artificial valve clicks.
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