Normal urinary output is approximately 1.5 litres in 24 hours and the usual frequency of micturition is between 5 and 10 times in that period. However, this can be influenced significantly by the amount of fluid a person drinks and how much fluid they are losing through sweating, mental state and lifestyle.
Urine normally consists of:
96% water
2% urea
2% uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chlorides, phosphates, sulphates, oxalates.
These are all waste products of the body’s utilization of food and fluid. The intensity of colour of normal urine depends on the concentration, and usually ranges from yellow to amber. Fresh urine does not have a strong odour and it should be clear when voided.
When monitoring a client’s urine, important clues can be gained simply by careful observation. For example, greenish or yellow-brown urine could contain bile pigments and may indicate problems with liver function, whilst blood and haemoglobin will give a red-brown colour if present in quite large quantities. Some drugs, foods and dyes may also change the colour of urine. If any abnormalities are found they should be documented, reported and further investigations undertaken in consultation with the medical staff. If you suspect that blood is present in the urine, and if the client is female, check whether or not they are menstruating before reporting, as menstrual blood can give a false positive result.
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